The rapid development of the digital economy, with artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data as its core, is emerging globally, profoundly impacting the economy and people"s lives. This wave of transformation is driving both economic and social development and a shift in technological paradigms, fundamentally reforming agricultural production methods. Agricultural production has undergone periods of manual labor, mechanization, and simple automation, and is now gradually entering the digital era with the core focus on new-generation information technology and data. Against this backdrop, this paper establishes an intelligent agricultural supply chain mechanism based on edge computing. Edge computing, as a promising computing paradigm, proves crucial in addressing challenges related to agricultural data processing and decision-making. By bringing computation closer to data sources, edge computing achieves real-time processing and analysis of agricultural data, reducing latency and enhancing response speed. Empirical validation results demonstrate that the integrated edge intelligence pillar significantly enhances analytical capabilities while minimizing costs, showcasing an efficient transformation of data into decisions at the system level. The empirical application of this technology also confirms considerable efficiency gains through synergistic effects. In addition to productivity gains, this study also emphasizes the improvement of environmental sustainability through optimized resource utilization. A comprehensive understanding of emerging technologies, particularly the application of edge computing in agriculture, underscores the importance of implementing transparent systems to enhance visibility in agricultural networks. Furthermore, the study points out the robustness of decentralized architectures in overcoming infrastructure limitations. This research provides valuable insights for the stability and sustainability of agricultural markets and offers robust support for the future development of smart agricultural supply chains.