Currently, the academic research on workplace loneliness mainly focuses on its (potential) negative consequences, while the research on how to correctly treat and deal with workplace loneliness is still insufficient, lacking a comprehensive, in-depth and accurate understanding, especially at the level of its positive consequences. With the resource conservation theory as the foundation, using the survey data of 374 researchers from universities, research institutes and R&D departments of scientific and technological enterprises to explore the impact of workplace loneliness on the craftsmanship of researchers and its mechanism. It reveals that workplace loneliness has an "inverted U" impact on the craftsmanship and career resilience of researchers. Career resilience plays a mediating role in the relationship between workplace loneliness and researcher’s craftsmanship. Relational psychological contract does not only positively moderates the relationship between career resilience and craftsmanship, but also positively moderates the mediating role of career resilience in the relationship between workplace loneliness and craftsmanship. The conclusion reveals the mechanism and boundary conditions of the impact of workplace loneliness on the craftsmanship of researchers, and identifies the positive incentive effect of workplace loneliness, which has a high innovative significance, and provides a useful reference for understanding how workplace loneliness positively affects craftsmanship from the perspective of resource conservation theory.