人工智能何以赋能做强做优做大实体经济——基于国家新一代人工智能创新发展试验区的准自然实验和企业产能利用率的视角

How Artificial Intelligence Empowers the Strengthening Optimization and Expansion of the Real Economy A Quasi-natural Experiment Based on National New-generation Artificial Intelligence Innovation Development Zones and Enterprise Capacity Utilization

摘要:

在数实融合的制度背景下,人工智能技术是推动实体企业产能利用率提升、实现做强做优做大目标的重要驱动力。以国家新一代人工智能创新发展试验区的设立为准自然实验,基于2010—2024年中国A股上市公司数据,考察人工智能技术对实体企业产能利用率的影响,主要发现:①国家新一代人工智能创新发展试验区的设立能够显著提升企业的产能利用率,经济意义测算表明提升约1.04%,有效赋能实体经济“提产增效”;②机制检验表明,人工智能技术应用能通过提升经营效率、促进技术更新与降低产销波动,进而提升实体企业的产能利用水平;③路径检验表明,人工智能试验区政策能够促进企业优化人才结构并提升专利产出;④基于企业特征的异质性分析表明,上述效果在民营企业、公司治理水平较高及企业规模较小的样本中更为突出;⑤基于外部制度环境的异质性分析表明,在市场化程度较高、企业位于非沿海地区及所属行业为战略性新兴行业的情境下,人工智能试验区政策对产能利用率的提升作用更为明显;⑥经济后果检验表明,人工智能试验区政策在驱动企业产能利用率提升后,能够显著增强企业经济效益、提高社会贡献并扩大就业规模。研究不仅对人工智能发展经济后果的学术研究作出创新拓展,也为党和国家以人工智能赋能做强做优做大实体经济提供政策参考。

Abstract:

In the context of the system of digital and real integration, artificial intelligence technology is an important driving force to promote the productivity utilization of real enterprises and achieve the goal of becoming A quasi-natural experiment was conducted based on the establishment of National New Generation Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Development Pilot Zones. Data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2024 were analyzed. The main findings are as follows. First, the establishment of the pilot zones significantly improved enterprise capacity utilization, with an estimated economic increase of approximately 1. 04%. Effective empowerment of the real economy toward output enhancement and efficiency improvement was thereby achieved. Second, mechanism tests indicated that artificial intelligence application improved capacity utilization through three channels: operational efficiency enhancement, technology upgrading facilitation, and production-sales fluctuation reduction. Third, pathway tests showed that the pilot policy promoted the optimization of talent structures and increased patent outputs. Fourth, heterogeneity analyses based on enterprise characteristics revealed that the above effects were more pronounced among private enterprises, firms with higher corporate governance levels, and smaller-scale enterprises. Fifth, heterogeneity analyses based on external institutional environments showed that the policy??s positive effect on capacity utilization was stronger under conditions of higher marketization, non-coastal regional locations, and operation in strategic emerging industries. Sixth, economic consequence tests indicated that after driving capacity utilization improvement, the pilot policy significantly enhanced corporate economic performance, increased social contributions, and expanded employment scale. An innovative extension was made to the academic literature on the economic consequences of artificial intelligence development. Policy references were also provided for the Party and the state regarding the empowerment, strengthening, and expansion of the real economy through artificial intelligence.